How To Handle an Inherited 401(k) Plan Account

When you inherit a 401(k) plan account, the options available to you depend on a number of factors, including the terms of the 401(k) plan and your relationship to the deceased 401(k) plan participant. In general, you’ll have four options: take an immediate distribution, disclaim all or part of the assets, leave the money in the 401(k) plan (if the plan permits), or roll the funds over to an IRA.

Should You Take the Cash?
Obviously, if you need the funds immediately, taking a lump-sum distribution from the 401(k) plan may be your only viable alternative. But you’ll have to pay ordinary income tax on the distribution (certain exclusions apply; talk to your financial professional for details).

A lump sum might also be attractive if you’re entitled to a distribution of employer stock. You may be able to pay ordinary income tax on just the participant’s basis in the stock, and defer tax on the appreciation (also called “net unrealized appreciation”) until you sell the stock in the future–at capital gain rates.

What’s a Disclaimer?
When you disclaim (i.e., refuse to accept) 401(k) assets, they pass instead to the plan participant’s contingent beneficiary, or estate if there is no contingent beneficiary. In general, you must give the plan written notice of your intent to disclaim the funds within nine months after the participant’s death. But be careful not to exercise control over the funds in the meantime (for example, by choosing a distribution option or by exercising investment control), or you may lose your ability to disclaim the funds.

A disclaimer may be an attractive option if you’re sure you won’t need the funds, and the transfer to the contingent beneficiary makes good economic and estate planning sense.

The Problem With 401(k) Plans
If you’re like most beneficiaries, your goal will be to stretch payments out as long as possible, taking full advantage of the tax deferral offered by retirement plans. This means either leaving the assets in the 401(k) plan, or rolling them over to an IRA.

For most, leaving the funds in the 401(k) plan isn’t the best choice for two reasons. First, the investment alternatives available to you in a 401(k) plan are limited to the ones selected by the employer. Second, the distribution options offered by a 401(k) plan typically aren’t as flexible as those available in an IRA. In fact, many 401(k) plans require beneficiaries to take distributions shortly after the participant’s death.

Roll the Funds Over to an IRA
Unless the 401(k) plan offers a unique investment alternative, rolling the 401(k) assets over to an IRA will usually be your best choice. IRAs offer virtually limitless investment options. And when it comes time to take distributions from the plan, IRAs offer the most flexible payment provisions. But, before deciding on a rollover, make sure you understand any fees and expenses that may apply.

If you’re a surviving spouse, you’ll have to decide between rolling the funds over to your own IRA, or to an IRA that you establish in the participant’s name, with you specified as the beneficiary (this is referred to as an “inherited IRA”).

Which Should you Choose?
In most cases, spouses are better off rolling the funds over to their own IRA. A rollover is typically appropriate only if you’re younger than 59½ and you think you’ll need the funds before you reach that age. That’s because distributions from an inherited IRA aren’t subject to the 10% early distribution penalty tax. (In contrast, distributions from your own IRA before age 59½ are subject to the 10% penalty tax unless an exception applies.)

What About Non-Spouses?
If you’re not the surviving spouse, you don’t have the option of rolling the 401(k) assets over to your own IRA. But thanks to the Pension Protection Act of 2006, you may be able to make a direct rollover of the 401(k) funds to an inherited IRA. A 401(k) plan isn’t required to offer this option, so check with your plan administrator. This new rule applies to distributions you receive after 2006.

The rules governing inherited 401(k) plan accounts are complex. A financial advisor can help you sort through the alternatives, and make the decision most appropriate for your individual circumstances.